       Industry Records indicate that the oil and gas industry was funding research into fossil carbon in the atmosphere, as part of a coordinated industry research program, by no later than 1958.17 Industry Records and Other Sources strongly suggest that this industry research program was designed and utilized to mobilize public opposition to regulation of air pollutants by sowing doubt regarding air pollution science, and document that all five of the largest Carbon Majors or their corporate predecessors participated actively in that program.18 By no later than 1968, and repeatedly thereafter, oil industry leaders were explicitly warned by their own scientists of potentially severe climate risks, and of the fossil fuel industries’ contribution to those risks.19 The Oil and Gas industry, including Carbon Majors identified in the petition, held early patents on numerous technologies that might have reduced climate change risk.20 Notwithstanding its own best information, the Oil and Gas Industry, including several of the Carbon Majors identified in the petition, produced, funded, and/or disseminated climate misinformation for decades.21 At least three US coal companies identified among the Carbon Majors have been recently implicated in the same or similar misinformation efforts. Even while blocking public action to address climate change, oil companies took steps to protect their own assets from climate risks. In sum, based on the evidence presently available in the public sphere, CIEL concludes that the major fossil fuel producers—among whom the Carbon Majors are the largest and most significant contributors by far—failed to take meaningful action to address or reduce climate risks, either by reducing their production, changing their product streams to emphasize lower carbon sources, warning consumers and the public regarding the intrinsic and potentially catastrophic risks of their products, or advising people in climate vulnerable countries to take early action to reduce their exposure to long-term climate risks. To the contrary, fossil fuel producers—including, notably, several of the Carbon Majors identified in the petition— undertook active and coordinated campaigns spanning many years to reduce public concern and obstruct governmental action on climate change. Documents suggesting coordinated action of this kind within the oil and gas industry date to as early as 1958; are strongly implied by oil industry responses to the Robinson report of 1968; and are clearly in existence by the time of the Global Climate Coalition in the1980s. Within the last year, bankruptcy filings spurred reports that three respondents from the U.S. coal industry continued funding climate misinformation efforts up to the present.22 Whether, when, and to what degree other Carbon Majors ended their involvement in such efforts remains unclear. 17 See id. at 7. Id. 19 See id. at 11. 20 See id. at 20 (discussing industry patents relevant to emissions reduction and renewable energy technologies). 21 See id. at 14 (discussing Smoke and Fumes Committee, Global Climate Coalition, and other misinformation efforts). 22 See id. at 15. (noting reports of misinformation funding by Peabody Coal, Arch Coal, and Alpha Natural Resources). 18 6