Many rural communities also still do not have access to electricity. This adds to rural women’s burden in doing care work. For instance, they need to source out and chop wood to light a fire for cooking. Rural women also need light source to enable them to help their children with their school work and perform other chores at night. Kerosene lamps are usually used as the household’s light source in rural areas. Inability to access facilities such as water and electricity adds difficulty to the care work that rural women do. Lack of infrastructure such as roads and bridges also contribute to their burden. All of these have an implication on the amount of time and effort that rural women will have to spend in doing care work. “Time poverty” is an issue to rural women as they have to perform many responsibilities within a limited time. Access to facilities and infrastructure can improve their time poverty situation. RELATED RIGHTS AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS THAT ADDRESS THE ISSUES IN CARE WORK Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) UDHR, which declares the fundamental human rights of every person in the world, first and foremost states the equality of all human beings in dignity and rights (UDHR Article 1). Article 23 calls for a “just and favorable remuneration” to everyone who works and to be supplemented by other means of social protection. In line with social protection, Article 22 states that “​Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality”​ (un.org). Given these policies, rural women, whose time is mostly tied to care work, should also be provided with “just and favorable remuneration,” not necessarily in the form of wage, and social protection. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) CEDAW gives value to rural women’s unpaid work. “​Article 14, paragraph 1 requires States parties to take into account rural women’s problems and role in the economic survival of families, including their work in the non-monetized sectors of the economy. Inclusive and sustainable development must uphold the rights of rural women, underscoring their role as key actors, and fully acknowledging the economic value of their paid and unpaid work​” (CEDAW/C/GC/34). The same source ​(CEDAW/C/GC/34) ​declares that State Parties should: ● “Recognize rural women’s crucial contributions to local/national economies and to food production, as well as to the well-being of their families and communities, including contributions through unpaid care work and work on family farms. ● Ensure that rural women engaged in unpaid work and/or in the informal sector have access to non-contributory social protection. ● Ensure that labor saving and environmentally sound technologies, including agricultural, irrigation and water harvesting technologies, and technologies to reduce the burden of unpaid domestic and productive work, are available and accessible to rural women and create enabling environments that improve their access to technology, including ICT, in rural areas.” ILO Convention No. 156 -- Convention concerning Equal Opportunities and Equal Treatment for Men and Women Workers: Workers with Family Responsibilities, 1981 18