and causal maiming of children which result from indirect actions, such as cross fire, use of landmines, IED, cluster munitions, biological weapons of destruction, all forms and types of explosives; or in the context of house demolitions, search and arrest campaigns, suicide attacks and torture; (y) Parents refer to any of the following: (1) Biological parents of the child; (2) Adoptive parents of the child; (3) Individuals who have custody of the child; or (4) A duly licensed foster parent, pursuant to Republic Act No. 10165, otherwise known as the "Foster Care Act of 2012"; (z) Rape refers to a sexual assault that violates a person’s right to personal security and bodily integrity with the essential lack of consent and shall include those enumerated in Section 2 of Republic Act No. 8353, otherwise known as "The Anti-Rape Law of 1997"; (aa) Recruitment refers to compulsory, forced or voluntary conscription or enlistment of children into the governmental armed force or forced or voluntary membership into the armed group; (bb) Release of children refers to the process of formal and controlled disarmament and demobilization of children and their release from a government force or armed group as well as informal ways in which children leave by escaping, being captured or by other means. It entails a disassociation from the government force or armed group and the beginning of transition from military to civilian life. Release can take place during a situation of armed conflict; it is not dependent on the temporary or permanent cessation of hostilities; and it is not dependent on children having weapons to forfeit; (cc) School refers to any structure or space, with or without marked visible boundaries, which is either recognized by the government or known by the community as a learning space for children; and (dd) Zone of peace refers to a site with sacred, religious, historic, educational, cultural, geographical or environmental importance, which is protected and preserved by its own community. It is not merely a "Demilitarized Zone", but a sanctuary that operates within ethical principles of nonviolence, free from weapons, acts of violence, injustice and environmental degradation. The recognition of the Zone of Peace expresses commitments on the part of its community, governmental authority and, if appropriate, religious leadership to preserve the peaceful integrity of the designated site. Its custodians, members, participants and visitors exemplify mutual respect and nonviolent behavior while on the site, and share their resources for furthering peace and cooperation. CHAPTER II RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF ARMED CONFLICT