Memorandum for the Petitioners | 37 land conditions, including heat related events such as heat waves (high confidence)116 and heavy precipitation events.117 The CO2 emissions from deforestation, 5.22.4 . human-induced fires, and logging remain high. The 2019 IPCC SRCCL estimates that gross emissions from land use and landuse change (mostly from deforestation and logging) during 20072016 were almost 20 GtCCh annually.118 5.22.5. “ Climate change has already affected food security due to wanning, changing precipitation patterns, and » greater frequency of some extreme events, 119 In many lowerlatitude regions, yields of some crops (e.g., maize and wheat) have declined. Agricultural pests and diseases have already responded to climate change resulting in both increases and decreases of infestations.120 r Climate change creates additional stresses on 5.22.6. land , exacerbating existing risks to livelihoods, biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems (high confidence).121 The stability of food supply is projected to decrease as the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events that disrupt food chains increases.122 5.22.7. “Changes in climate can amplify environmentally induced migration both within countries and across borders.» 123 Extreme weather and climate or slow-onset events may lead to increased displacement, disrupted food chains, threatened livelihoods, and contribute to exacerbated stresses for conflict.124 r Rapid reductions in GHG emissions across 5.22.8. all sectors will reduce the negative impacts of climate change on land ecosystems and food systems. However, delaying climate 116 When the IPCC scientists use the terms ‘confidence’ and ‘likelihood ,’ each term has a different and very specific meaning relating to levels of certainty. When scientists mention ‘confidence,’ they are referring to the degree of confidence in being correct. In the case of the IPCC where scientists are analyzing global climate, issues such as lack of observational data in certain regions, such as Africa, will affect scientists confidence in their findings. When scientists mention ‘likelihood’ they are referring to the probability of an event or outcome occurring. See Australian Government Department of the Environment Confidence and Likelihood IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Fact Sheet, available at https://www.environment .gov.au ( last accessed on 12 September 2019). 1 7 IPCC 2019, Summary for Policymakers: Climate Change and Land , supra note 111, Sec. A4.2., p. 12. 118 Id. Sec. A3. 1 ., p. 7. 119 Id. Sec.A2.8, p.7. 120 Id 121 Id , Sec. A 5, p. 15. 122 Id. Sec. A5.4, p. 16. 123 Id Sec. A5.4, p. 16. 124 Id Sec. A5.7., p. 17. ,