Memorandum for the Petitioners 1101 8.85. In the Philippines, as shown, the agricultural sector is strongly affected by climate change. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, are already having a detrimental effect on food security, with these impacts only expected to worsen over time— some models predict that there will be a 4% (or an estimated 70,000 additional children) increase in malnourished children in the Philippines by 2050 due to climate change . 453 r 8.86. Crop yields in the Philippines have declined whenever temperatures have exceeded certain threshold values, which have been and will be increasingly exceeded because of climate change.454 The effect of rising temperatures and decreased rainfall on crop production could be devastating. Rice yield could be reduced by 22 % in a 2°C scenario according to one study, 455 while another study concludes that climate change may reduce rice yield in the Philippines by up to 75% in 2100 as compared with 1990 levels.456 Undersecretary Serrano quantified the losses in this way — . . . . Just to provide you also information on losses Your Honors, when I started at the Department of Agriculture way back in the 1990s, which was the last decade of the last century, if we... if we lost thirty thousand (30,000) metric tons of palay [rice grains] to an extreme event like a typhoon, it's already big news and it's a big deal and triggers speculation “Siguro kailangan mag-import na tayoP [There is a need to import rice.]. Do you know how much we're losing recently, Your Honors? We’re losing anywhere from three hundred (300) to six hundred thousand (600,000 ) metric tons of palay (rice grains). If at just fifty percent (50%) milling rate, which is very low, just to simplify the calculation, we’ re losing anywhere from one hundred fifty (150) to three hundred thousand (300,000) metric tons of milled rice due to extreme events . That is about how much we import on a regular basis, Your Honors. r XXX . . . On corn or maize, that’s a one point seven percent ( 1 .7%) percent reduction in yield for each day above thirty degrees Centigrade under drought conditions. That is pretty much substantial.... For livestock, although livestock production in this country is a little bit more controlled because nakakulong iyan at saka ano [they were caged and ...], but the feed Lofts, K ., supra note 375, p. 6, citing Ortega, J. and Klauth, C. (2017), Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in the Philippines (Makati City: UNICEF Philippines). 454 Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50 , p . 25 . 455 Joint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50, p. 25, citing Escano , C.R . and Buendia , L.V. ( 1994 ), Climate Impact Assessment for Agriculture in the Philippines: Simulation of Rice Yield Under Climate Change Scenarios . A5 SJoint Summary of the Amicus Curiae, supra note 50, p . 25 , citing Asian Development Bank (2009), The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A Regional Review . 453