Memorandum for the Petitioners ] 139 of Human Rights ( the IACtHR) in February 2018 (See Exhibit “ CCCC” to CCCC-6,” Statement of Dr. Marcos Orellana, which discussed this.). Civil liability (Non-contractual or Tort) 8.201. The Honorable Commission “can and should draw on that larger body of human rights law and fundamental principles of legal and moral responsibility that apply across legal domains,” including in the Philippines, in assessing the role and responsibilities of Carbon Majors with respect to 651 climate change and human rights responsibilities outlined in the UNGPs. 8.202. When determining whether a business enterprise can be held liable for a harm , civil liability (as opposed to criminal or contractual liability) and human rights law are centered around two elements of responsibility whether the actor has: C r 1. The ability to foresee a harm; and 2. The ability and opportunity to avoid or minimize that harm .652 8.203. Generally, in civil liability, whether claimants can seek a remedy depends in part on the links between an identifiable plaintiff, an identifiable defendant, and a causal chain that connects the hanns suffered to the actions or inactions of the defendant.653 Under certain areas of law, like strict liability, proof of causation alone will trigger liability, regardless of the conduct by the plaintiff. Alternatively, under a theory of comparative negligence, a defendant is only liable for a percentage of fault. 8.204. However, allocating responsibility, particularly among corporate actors for human rights violations, is a matter of evolving jurisprudence that balances considerations of statutory mandate, fairness, moral, and ethical obligations , among other considerations.654 Therefore, judicial bodies tend to seek evidence that a defendant not only caused a harm , but that they were responsible for that harm in some way, such as by acting (or failing to act) in a way that that rendered them morally responsible for addressing and remedying the consequences of those actions .655 8.205. The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) explicitly addressed the fundamental tenets of civil liability in a comparative study CIEL and Plan B, Joint Summary Amicus, supra note 50, p. 67. Smoke and Fumes Report, supra note 51, p. 5. 653 See Exhibit “KK” to “KK-10,” Profile and Statement of Lisa Anne Hamilton, JD, p. 7. 654 Ibid. 655 Smoke and Fumes Report, supra note 51, p. 4. 651 652