A/74/161 by 2030 in high-income nations (already committed to by 30 nations), by 2040 in upper middle-income nations, and by 2050 elsewhere; (c) Enact laws that phase in zero-carbon transportation, including zeroemission vehicle mandates and low-carbon fuel standards, and laws that phase out the sale of new diesel and gasoline passenger vehicles; (d) Limit fossil fuel businesses and their industry associations from influencing climate, energy and environmental policies, in light of their responsibility for the majority of emissions and their well-known efforts to subvert and deny scientific evidence of climate change. This is a key element of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which limits the involvement of tobacco companies in health policy. 78. Developed States should demonstrate leadership by: (a) Prohibiting further exploration for additional fossil fuels, since not all existing reserves can be burned while still meeting the commitments of the Paris Agreement; (b) Requiring all new natural gas power plants to use carbon capture and storage technology and requiring existing gas plants to be retrofitted with carbon capture and storage technology; (c) Rejecting any other expansion of fossil fuel infrastructure; (d) Prohibiting the expansion of the most polluting and environmentally destructive types of fossil fuel extraction, including oil and gas produced from hydraulic fracturing (fracking), oil sands, the Arctic or ultra-deepwater. 79. International financial institutions and banks should eliminate f inancing for fossil fuel projects, with the exception of clean cookstove programmes. B. Accelerating other mitigation actions 80. States should also consider the following mitigation priorities: (a) Triple investment in renewables, electricity storage and energy efficiency to roughly $2 trillion per year in the short term, increasing to $3 trillion by 2050; 93 (b) Accelerate actions to reduce short-lived climate pollutants (methane, black carbon, ground-level ozone and hydrofluorocarbons), including through the ratification and implementation of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; the expansion of programmes to replace polluting cookstoves and fuels with clean technologies; and binding regulations to address methane emissions from the oil and gas industry, agriculture and waste; 94 (c) Commit to ending deforestation by 2020 and immediately commencing a trillion tree reforestation and afforestation programme; 95 (d) Phase out the production and use of harmful single-use plastics by 2025, as plastic production generates high volumes of greenhouse gas emissions; 96 (e) Take stronger steps to reduce emissions from aviation and shipping; (f) Reconsider policies and programmes that subsidize and support biofuels, in light of their negative impact on food security and uncertain impact on emission reduction; (g) Promote healthy plant-based diets that are less land-, resource- and greenhouse gas emission-intensive; __________________ 93 94 95 96 19-11977 Dolf Gielen and others, “The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation”, Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 24, pp. 38–50 (January 2019). V. Ramanathan and others, Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change (2017). Available at www.igsd.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/09/Well-Under-2-Degrees-Celsius-Report-2017.pdf. Jean-Francois Bastin and others, “The global tree restoration potential,” Science, vol. 365, issue 6448, pp. 76–79 (July 2019). Jiajia Zheng and Sangwon Suh, “Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics”, Nature Climate Change, vol. 9, pp. 374–378 (May 2019). 19/22