Women migrant workers also send remittances more often, but in smaller quantities. In 2014, women migrant workers outnumbered men migrants by 20,000,9 yet women remitted US$1.3 billion compared to US$2.4 billion remitted by men in the same year.10 Information on the wage gap between migrant workers is incomplete due to the endemic and illegal underpayment and withholding of wages, but this figure alone reflects probable earning discrepancies. Entrepreneurial supports for return women migrant workers Programs dedicated to returning migrant workers provided by Overseas Workers Welfare Association (OWWA) focus on including financial literacy, capacity building, and job referrals, among other services, but are relatively limited in gender-based programming. Entrepreneurship programs provided by OWWA avail members with loans between PHP 300,000 and PHP 2 million.11 Given the existing profile of women-owned enterprises, as well as the high participation of women in the informal economy, where total household income averaged PHP 81,398 in urban areas and PHP 56,305 in rural areas,12 women are unlikely to benefit from OWWA enterprise development loans. Individuals who benefit from these loans are also more likely to be able to access financing options from larger institutions. Exclusionary reintegration services that inadequately recognize women’s barriers to sustainable livelihoods reinforce pressures on women to migrate again once they return home. Moreover, livelihood programs must be designed with the view of genuinely empowering women rather than reifying notions of femininity or maintaining the traditional gendered division of labor. In the State Party's answer, in 13.10 On measures taken to address the minimum age limit for women seeking employment outside the country, the State Party cited the HSW Policy minimum age requirement for migrant domestic workers at 23 years old and for all other types of work at 18 years old. CMA finds the higher age requirement for migrant domestic workers discriminatory for those between the age of 18 and 22. It may also be violative of the equal protection clause of the Philippine Constitution. It is also not consistent since for local domestic workers, the minimum age requirement is also 18 years old. Consider this. Young workers aged 15-24 years old had higher unemployment rate, lower labor participation rate and lower employment rate than the general population, for the period 20092011.13 As such, migration becomes a very attractive option for them. However, the single job 9 The Survey on Overseas Filipinos (SOF) conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) places estimates at 1,170,000 women and 1,149,000 men Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) in 2014. Retrieved from http://psa.gov.ph/gender-stat. 10 Calculated from Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), “Fact Sheet on Women and Men in the Philipines,” http://psa.gov.ph/gender-stat. Accessed May 6, 2016. 11 Overseas Worker Welfare Administration (OWWA). “Programs & Services.” Accessed May 6, 2016 from http://www.owwa.gov.ph/?q=node/23/#reintegration. 12 Batangan and Batangan, “Social security needs assessment.” 13 Asis, Maruja M.B and Battistella, Graziano. Filipino Youth Employment Migration Nexus. 2013