Nearly half (45% ) of total clim ate expenditures in the 2016 GAA are included in the Risk Resiliency Program (RRP), a significant innovation within the Program Convergence Budgeting (PCB) adopted by the DBM to foster greater convergence across NGAs during budget preparation. The RRP assists the GoP to deliver the outcomes of one of the five Key Result Areas (KRAs), particularly on strengthening the resiliency of natural ecosystems and the adaptive capacity of vulnerable groups to short- and long-term risks using a landscape management approach in the Philippines’ 18 major river basins. President’s budget proposal included nearly all of the requests by CCAM Agencies in 2016, compared to 66% in 2015. Building on the progress made in 2015, further steps have been taken in 2016 to strengthen the RRP’s design in order to increase coordination and convergence, and to further institutionalize the RRP as a formal program of the government. Starting with the 2016 budget, DENR—as mandated by the DBM and CCAM— has led the CCAM in establishing and implementing an inter-agency review process at the Secretary level to screen and review programs for inclusion in the RRP. This review process has yielded a more focused program compared to the 2015 budget. Partially in recognition of the extended review, the • The RRP budget in the FY16 GAA of PHP 97.9 billion is for 84 PAPs from 13 Participating NGAs. That is a 38% increase from the FY 2015 NEP of PHP 76.3 billion for the program. It is concentrated in 23 PAPs from five NGAs that account for more than 95% of the budget. The budget request includes the expansion of 20 PAPs (25%) and a request for one new PAP. • More than 84% (or PHP 81.9 billion) of the approved 2016 RRP is estimated to address climate change, whereas 16% was approved for post-disaster work. The majority (67%) of its climate change activities are focused on adaptation. Compared to FY 2015, there is a greater focus on mitigation, with the share of mitigation expenditures rising from about 11% in the FY 2015 NEP to 33% in the FY16 budget request. The shift to mitigation can be attributed to the expansion of the National Greening Program and the Solid Waste Management Program, the addition of four DOTC LRT and BRT projects, and the increased selectivity of DA’s submission to the RRP. In the FY16 clim ate budget, there are potential gaps in institutional arrangem ents, based on a com parison with the NCCAP that identified NGAs with lead roles in the attainm ent of specific outcom e areas. These gaps are identical to those described in FY2015. • Although the NCCAP designates DA as a lead Agency under the Ecological and Environmental Stability priority, which is inconsistent with DA’s mandate, the DA does not have any EES PAPs. • Under Sustainable Energy, lead Agencies DOE, DOST, and DENR did not identify any PAPs supporting the output area on climate-resilient energy infrastructure, whereas DPWH allocated significant climate expenditures towards this area even though it was not designated as a lead Agency. Although DOE does not have its own energy infrastructure assets to manage, as the energy and power industry is deregulated, DOE may want to consider how climate change impacts its planning and regulatory services. DOE did, however, request PHP 0.03 billion in the FY16 OSBP for the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program, but this was not approved in the FY16 GAA.   5