Foreword I n 2008, the United Nations endorsed the ‘Protect, Respect, and Remedy Framework’ for business and human rights. This framework unequivocally recognizes that States have the duty under international human rights law to protect everyone within their territory and/or jurisdiction from human rights abuses committed by business enterprises. The UN Framework also addresses the human rights responsibilities of businesses. Business enterprises have the responsibility to respect human rights wherever they operate and whatever their size or industry. In other words, companies must know—and show—that they respect human rights in all their operations. More importantly, the UN Framework clarifies that the corporate responsibility to respect human rights exists independently of the States’ ability or willingness to fulfil their duty to protect human rights. No matter the context, States and businesses retain these distinct but complementary responsibilities. The UN Framework also recognizes the fundamental right of individuals and communities to access effective remedy when their rights have been adversely impacted by business activities. When a business enterprise abuses human rights, States must ensure that the people affected can access an effective remedy through the court system or other legitimate non-judicial process. Companies, for their part, are expected to establish or participate in effective grievance mechanisms for any individuals or communities adversely impacted by their operations. On 16 June 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council unanimously endorsed the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP BHR), a set of guidelines that operationalize the UN Framework and further define the key duties and responsibilities of States and business enterprises with regard to business-related human rights abuses. Henceforth, the Working Group on Business and Human Rights (UNWG) was mandated by the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to promote the effective and comprehensive implementation of the UNGP BHR. The UNWG likewise noted in its 2016 Guidance on Business and Human Rights that National Action Plans (NAPs) can be an important means to promote the implementation of the UNGP BHR (DIHR, n.d.). 8 Upholding Land Rights amidst the Land Rush