1 waste and pollution, and mining rehabilitation techniques. Indigenous 2 technologies that are relevant and appropriate, particularly with respect 3 to the domestic processing of minerals shall be promoted, harnessed, 4 expanded and upgraded; 5 m) The State and its members shall share in the burden of satisfying the 6 need for mineral resources primarily through reusing and recycling 7 existing mineral products. Ecologically-sound practices at all stages of 8 mining shall be promoted. Mining technologies such as open-pit mining 9 and submarine mine tailing disposal methods that are banned abroad 10 and/or proven inappropriate in countries like the Philippines must all be 11 banned. Environmental standards shall be set to ensure the protection 12 and efficient utilization of the country's mineral resource base. Ecological 13 considerations in mining development shall be given due emphasis and 14 attention to substantially eliminate destructive effects that certain 15 mining industrial processes might have on the people's health and the 16 environment. Monitoring mechanisms with strong participation from the 17 local communities will be instituted; 18 n) Mining in environmentally critical areas such as small island ecosystems, 19 primary and secondary forests and watersheds shall be banned. 20 Dumping of mine wastes and tailings to rivers, lakes and seas are 21 prohibited; The integrity of the environment shall not be compromised; 22 and 23 o) Areas affected by mining shall be rehabilitated, including abandoned 24 mines. Violators shall be strictly punished and made to pay heavy 25 compensation to the State and the affected communities; 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Sec. 5. - The exploration, development and utilization of natural resources must comply with the principles of intergenerational responsibility. Sec. 6. - For purposes of, or in relation to expropriation, it is hereby declared that mining is not for a public purpose. Sec. 7. - Mining agreements shall not be considered as vested rights, but, are mere privilege that the State can grant or revoke anytime for a legitimate purpose. CHAPTER I I SCOPE AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES Sec. 8. Scope. - This Act shall govern the ownership, management and governance of both metallic and non-metallic ore minerals onshore and offshore, as well

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