KEY THEMES IN THE CASE STUDIES 1. Dynamics of technology-related forms of VAW Dissemination of intimate photos and videos without consent. Both Ruby and Martha’s cases involved the dissemination of sexually explicit videos and photographs on the internet. The four sex videos and the two photos in question were taken by persons with whom the victims had intimate relationships, and with their consent, based on trust that the materials would only be for private use. Yet the materials were uploaded to the internet after the relationships had gone sour, without consent of the victims, and with intention to harm their reputations and cause emotional distress. While the act of aggression by a former partner is becoming an increasingly visible form of technology-related VAW, in the cases of Ruby and Martha, they did not know exactly who uploaded the materials to the web. The victims know the photos and videos were in the possession of their expartners, but without being able to trace the original point of uploading, it became impossible to identify and confront those who published the materials online, an obstacle hindering women’s options for recourse. Another issue is the viral speed with which the photos and videos spread online. As the victims are famous celebrities, the materials spread like wildfire in blogs and social networking sites for the netizens to feast on. Web hosts and online news websites that shared the materials received more visitors than usual. <End Violence: Women’s Rights and Safety Online> 9