d. 1988 Shell “Confidential” report “The Greenhouse Effect”4 A recently revealed document from 1988, summarizing the findings of an internal study at Shell that commenced in 1981 and was finished in 1986. The document states call for action even in the face of uncertainty. “With very long time scales involved, it would be tempting for society to wait until then to begin doing anything. The potential implications for the world are, however, so large, that policy options need to be considered much earlier. And the energy industry needs to consider how it should play its part.” And then states that while modeling could not exactly predict the impacts, “by the time the global warming becomes detectable it could be too late to take effective countermeasures to reduce the effects or even to stabilize the situation.” (emphasis added) e. 1994 Mobil Foundation Lamont-Doherty grant5 This newly discovered document shows a keen interest across the oil industry in climate modeling program at Columbia University’s LamontDoherty laboratory. This document is a rare find and indicates very deliberate grant making process at Mobil Foundation, who had written grants of $25,000 for three years running from 1991-1993 and was recommending 1994 funding at the same level. The document also shows that Exxon, Shell, Texaco and “Others” were also giving grants of at least $25,000. In the text of the document it states that petroleum companies are funding work to improve the modeling of “energy transfer between the atmosphere and oceans. This is critical to improving global climate models and to improving the prediction of global warming.” The document states that American Petroleum Institute and IPIECA are “acting as focal points of petroleum industry effort.” Under the header “Benefits to Mobil Foundation”, it is stated that “Global warming is likely to be the key international environmental issue of the 1990s.” And that “while there are no regulations limiting emissions of greenhouse gases, such regulations are a real possibility within the next five years. Technical information and understanding will be key to Mobil’s ability to participate n the debate on these regulations.” The “Benefits” section concludes that Lamont-Doherty holds private seminars on its research for sponsors where “Mobil scientists involved” could “gain first hand understanding” and “develop personal relationships” with key experts and that this program was important “particularly in light of recent findings’ and “far more valuable to Mobil than merely reading papers which will eventually be published.” 2. CORPORATE EFFORTS TO STALL THE CLIMATE POLICY PROCESS 4R.P.W.M. Jacobs, M.H. Griffith, P.E. Bright, J.B. Homer, J.A.C.M. van Oudenhoven, and J. Waller, Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij, “The Greenhouse Effect,” May 1988 (available at http://www.climatefiles.com/shell/1988-shell-report-greenhouse/). 5Research, Engineering and Environmental Affairs, Mobil Foundation, “1994 Mobil Foundation Grant Recommendations,” Jul. 1993 (available at https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4438454Mobil-1994-Grant-Review.html). Climate Investigations Center - September 2018 page 3