(ETOs) to respect, protect and fulfil human rights abroad. The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights provide guidance and legal grounds for the effective implementation of ETOs.30 With respect to the regulation of corporations, international human rights treaty bodies monitoring implementation of treaties on civil and political rights,31 economic, social and cultural rights,32 the rights of the child,33 and on racial discrimination34 have all confirmed that States must take necessary measures to prevent their corporations from interfering with the enjoyment of human !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 30 Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 29 NETH. Q. HUMAN RIGHTS 578 (2011). Available at http://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/web/Institutes/MaastrichtCentreForHumanRights/MaastrichtETO Principles.htm [hereinafter Maastricht Principles]. In 2011, a group of international legal experts developed the Maastricht Principles on the Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. According to the Center for International Environmental law: “The Maastricht Principles are premised on the global and universal nature of human rights and the notion that human rights are owed erga omnes to the international community as a whole. However, the Principles do not create new legal norms. Rather, they articulate the current state of international law regarding ETOs, reflecting many of the conclusions drawn by international tribunals, U.N. treaty bodies, and Special Procedures. In particular, the Maastricht Principles provide a basis for conceptualizing the application and implementation of ETOs in order to secure more effective protection of human rights from thirdparty violations.” Center for International Environmental Law, Written Statement to Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights, A/HRC/WG.16/1/NGO/3, July 2, 2015, at 14. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/WGTransCorp/Session1/A.HRC.WG.16.1.NGO.3.pdf. 31 United Nations Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on the Sixth Periodic Report of Germany, 106th Session, November 12, 2012, ¶ 16. Available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/DEU/CO/6&Lang=En. 32 United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Statement on the Obligations of States Parties Regarding the Corproate Sector and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Forty-Sixth Session, May 20, 2011 at para. 5-6. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/E.C.12.2011.1-ENG.doc; United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Culutral Rights, General Comment 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Twenty-Second Session, Aug. 11, 2000, at ¶ 39. Available at http://www.nesri.org/sites/default/files/Right_to_health_Comment_14.pdf;. United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Culutral Rights, General Comment 15: The Right to Water, Twenty-Ninth Session, Jan. 20, 2003, ¶ 33. Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/a5458d1d1bbd713fc1256cc400389e94; United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Observations: Finland, December 17, 2014, at ¶ 10. Available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E/C.12/FIN/CO/6&Lang=En; United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Obesrvations on the Second Periodic Report of China, Including Hong Kong, China, and Macao, China, June 13, 2014, at ¶ 13. Available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FCHN%2FCO%2 F2. 33 United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment 16: On State Obligations Regarding the Impact of the Business Sector on Children’s Rights, Apr. 17, 2013, at ¶¶ 43-46. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/GC/CRC-C-GC-16_en.doc [hereinafter General Comment 16]. 34 United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations: United States of America, Session 72, Feb. 2008, at para. 30. Available at http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/CERDConcludingComments2008.pdf; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations: Canada, Session 17, May 25, 2007, at ¶ 17. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.CAN.CO.18.doc; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimimation, Concluding Observations: Canada, Eighteenth Session, Apr. 4, 2012, at ¶ 14; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding Observations: Norway, Seventy-Eighth Session, April 8, 2011, at ¶ 17. Available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/NOR/CO/1920&Lang=En; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimimation, Concluding Observations: United Kingdom, Seventy-Ninth Session, Sept. 14, 2011, at ¶ 29. Available at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/GBR/CO/1820&Lang=En. ! 11! ! ! ! ! !