There are no state institutions which provide immediate, adequate and sustained support for the families of victims of extrajudicial killings, abuses, and harassments. The Philippines, according to Ireland-based Frontline Defenders, an international human rights group, is ranked second in a list of the most dangerous places for human rights defenders in 2016.29 The culture of impunity of crimes like these is one major factor why these crimes persist. With the new Duterte administration, one of the greatest challenges lies in its rallying call for vigilantism against criminals. In a society where human rights defense work is heavily criminalized, this is indeed one of the danger signs that has to be addressed. Violence against women human rights defenders are not only perpetrated by mining companies and the government. It also happens in the home and in the communities, where patriarchal values are still very much entrenched. The initiative to actively participate in defending the rights of women in their communities and resisting mining companies was usually responded not by support but rather outrage on the part of their husbands and shaming committed by other members of the community. Instead of being recognized of being equally capable of fighting for rights and actively participating in community affairs, they were perceived as neglecting their roles in the family as these activities took time away from them. Furthermore, their active participation was usually treated with suspicion as they join and conduct activities which took time away from home and in the presence of other people, including males30. With such responses from the community as well as their families, the right of women to actively participate in matters of interest to her own and her community is suppressed, as she is being made to choose between complying with the standards society is subjecting her to as a woman, mother, and wife, and exercising her capacity to push for her rights and the rights of her community. Sec. 9 of the MCW recognizes the need of women for Protection from Violence, as it stipulates that all women shall be protected from all forms of violence as provided for in existing laws. Agencies of government shall give priority to the defense and protection of women against gender-based offenses and help women attain justice and healing. Among the Women Human Rights Defenders who were killed was Juvy Capion, who was shot dead in her home by national military forces in October 2012 along with her sons aged 13 and 6, in Kiblawan, Davao del Sur. A Bla'an woman leader, whose husband was also an active leader, she actively opposed the encroachment of SMI-Xtrata mining operations in their ancestral domain. The military men, members of the 27 th Infantry Battalion of the Philippine Army, admitted that the killings of Juvy and her 2 children were “operational lapses.” Four years since the killings, the Court Marshall which is conducting the hearings against the military men, has yet to reach a verdict. In addition, Sec. 11 of the MCW also recognizes the right of women to Participation and Representation, where the State shall undertake temporary special measures to accelerate the participation and equitable representation of women in all spheres of society particularly in the decision-making and policy-making processes in government and private entities to fully realize their role as agents and beneficiaries of development. Furthermore, their active participation was usually treated with suspicion as they join and conduct activities which took time away from home and in the presence of other people, including males31. 29 Frontline Defenders, 2016 Annual Report. Judith A. Pasimio, “Policy Study on Women Human Rights and the Mining Industry in the Philippines,” (LILAK Purple Action for Indigenous Women’s Rights) 31 Judith A. Pasimio, “Policy Study on Women Human Rights and the Mining Industry in the Philippines,” (LILAK Purple Action for Indigenous Women’s Rights) 30 8