Endnotes 1. See Carbon Majors Update to 2013: Carbon Major Entities Cumulative Emissions to 2013 Ranked, Climate Accountability Institute (Nov. 25, 2014), http://www.climateaccountability.org/pdf/ SumRanking%20Dec14%208p.pdf. 2. See, e.g., Corporate Europe observatory, Concealing Their Sources – Who Funds Europe’s Climate Change Deniers? (2010), available at https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/ files/sites/default/files/files/article/funding_climate_ deniers.pdf; George Monbiot, Pundits Who Contest Climate Change Should Tell Us Who is Paying Them, The Guardian (Sept. 25, 2006, 7:10 PM), https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/sep/26/ comment.oil. 3. See The History of Shell Oil Company, Shell United States, https://www.shell.us/about-us/who-we-are/ the-history-of-shell-oil-company.html (last visited Apr. 4, 2018). 4. See Tyler Priest, The Americanization of Shell Oil, in Foreign Multinationals in the United States 188, 193-94 (ed. Geoffrey Jones & Lina GalvezMunoz eds., 2002) at 188, 193-94. 5. Center for International Environmental Law, Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable (2017), available at http://www.ciel.org/reports/smoke-andfumes. 6. See V. B. Guthrie, Crude Control Means New Operating Era for Entire Industry, 21(14) National Petroleum News 19, 19 (May 29, 1929), available at https://books.google.com/ books?id=_3YfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA29. 7. See American Petroleum Institute Miscellaneous Correspondence: 1949 through 1952, http:// dupontasbestosdocuments.com/d2/ API/11590.pdf. 8. See Chevron U.S.A. Inc.’s Supplemental Responses to Plaintiff’s Mater Set of Interrogatories, http:// dupontasbestosdocuments.com/ d2/API/11582.pdf. 9. See Medical Advisory Committee, American Petroleum Institute Document, http:// dupontasbestosdocuments.com/ d2/API/11681.pdf 10. See Vance N. Jenkins, The Petroleum Industry Sponsors Air Pollution Research, 3 Air Repair 144, 146 (1954), available at http://www. tandfonline. com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00966665.1 954.10467615. 11. See id. at 145. Secretary, Smoke and Fumes Committee, American Petroleum Institute, Sources of Air Pollution: Transportation (Petroleum) 2-3 (Nov. 19, 1958) (on file with University of California, San Francisco), available at https://www.industrydocumentslibrary. ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=xrcm0047. 17. Id. at 5. 18. Jie Jenny Zou, The Unlikely Partnership between big Oil and the White House, Center for Public Integrity (Dec. 12, 2017), https://apps. publicintegrity.org/united-states-of-petroleum/ century-of-influence. See also Benajmin Franta, On its 100th Birthday in 1959, Edward Teller Warned the Oil Industry About Global Warming, The Guardian (Jan. 1, 2018, 6:00 PM), www.theguardian.com/ environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/ jan/01/on-its-hundredth-birthday-in-1959-edwardteller-warned-the-oil-industry-about-globalwarming. 19. See M. King Hubbert, Energy Resources: A Report to the Committee on Natural Resources of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (1962). 20. See M. King Hubbert, Shell Development Company, Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels (1956), available at https://web.archive.org/ web/20080527233843/http://www.hubbertpeak. com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf. 21. See Hubbert, supra note 19, at 2, 5-7. 22. See id. at 87-88. 23. See id. at 95-105. 24. Id. at 96. 13. See Charles A. Jones, A Review of the Air Pollution Research Program of the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the American Petroleum Institute, 8 J. of the Air Pollution Control Ass’n 268, 270 (1958), available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10. 1080/00966665.1958.10467854. 14. See id. at 268. Supply for the World Energy Balance: Third IIASA Conference on Energy Resources (1977), available at http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/1013/1/ XB-79-507.pdf. 33. See Proceedings of the World Climate Conference, World Meteorological Organization VIII (1979), available at https:// library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/wmo_537_en.pdf. 34. See id. at 784. 35. See Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij, The Greenhouse Effect (1988), available at http://www.climatefiles.com/ shell/1988-shell-report-greenhouse/ [hereinafter The Greenhouse Effect]. 36. Id. at 1. 37. See id. at 23-27 38. See id. at 27-28 39. Id. at 29, 57 (Table 8). 40. See B. Ekwurzel et al., The Rise in Global Atmospheric CO2, Surface Temperature, and Sea Level From Emissions Traced to Major Carbon Producers, 144(4) Climatic Change 579 (2017), available at https:// link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s10584-0171978-0. See Supplementary Materials 3, Row 40, Column EK (tabulating Shell group CO2 emissions in 1984), available at https://static-content.springer. com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10584-017-1978-0/ MediaObjects/10584_2017_1978_MOESM3_ ESM.xlsm. 26. See Elmer Robinson & R. C. Robbins, Sources, 42. See Amy Lieberman & Suzanne Rust, Big Oil Braced Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants: Final Report (1968), available at https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6852325. 27. Id. at 109. 28. See Elmer Robinson & R. C. Robbins, Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants: Supplement (1969), available at https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/6852325. American Petroleum Institute 103, 138 (1972), available at https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ ED066339.pdf. 30. See Environmental Conservation: The Oil and Gas Industries / Volume 2, National Petroleum Council xxii (1972), available at http://www.npc. org/reports/1972- Environmental_ConservationOil_and_Gas_ Industries-Vol_II.pdf. 15 for Global Warming While it Fought Regulations, L.A. Times (Dec. 31, 2015), http://graphics.latimes.com/ oil-operations/. 43. See Press Release, Conservation Law Foundation, the Solar Industry, San Diego Tribune (Apr. 17, 2011), http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/ | 32. See IIASA Proceedings Series, Future Coal 41. The Greenhouse Effect, supra note 35, at 27. 31. See Tracy Emblem, How Big Oil had Controlled 15. See id. at 270. sdut-how-big-oil-had-controlled-the-solar-industry2011apr17-story.html. 25. Id. 29. See Environmental Research: A Status Report, 12. See id. at 148. A Crack in the Shell 16. Presentation from Charles A. Jones, Executive | CLF Takes on Shell Over Endangerment of Providence Community (June 28, 2017), available at https://www.clf.org/newsroom/shell-providencelawsuit/. 44. The Greenhouse Effect, supra note 35, at 1. 45. Id. 46. See Royal Dutch Shell, Climate of Concern, YouTube (1991), https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=0VOWi8oVXmo. 47. Id. 48. Id. 49. Id. 50. Id. Center for International Environmental Law